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Chapter 3 · Ages 11+

Momo and the
Fair Comparison

Want to know something odd? Do the honest math, and a perfectly ordinary car ride is riskier than a flight over the same distance – even though a lot of people are more afraid of flying. Let's find out why.

The Thinking Trap

More cases doesn't mean more risk

Picture two school classes. Class A has 5 kids out sick right now, Class B only has 2. So is Class B healthier?

Change the class sizes and watch what happens to the share of sick kids – not just the count.

17%
Class A sick
25%
Class B sick

With the starting numbers, Class A has more sick kids (5 instead of 2) – but Class B has the bigger share (25% instead of 17%), because it's much smaller. Raw counts alone don't always tell the truth.

Cars or Planes?

What the raw numbers show

Worldwide, far more people die in road traffic each year than on scheduled airline flights. Does that mean flying is safer?
1.19M
Road traffic deaths worldwide, per year (WHO)
~0
Deaths on scheduled airline flights worldwide, in many years

But careful: These numbers alone aren't a fair comparison. There are vastly more car trips than flights, and car trips are usually much shorter. Just like with the school classes, we need a reference point – not the raw count itself.

With flights there's something else going on too: because crashes are so rare, the yearly number swings wildly – sometimes 0, sometimes one bad crash with many deaths at once. For events this rare, a single year doesn't tell you much. We need a better comparison number.

The Fair Number

Risk per kilometer traveled

The fair comparison number is called "passenger-kilometers": how many people die when traveling the same distance – no matter which way they travel?

Different studies land on slightly different exact figures, but they all show the same picture:

🚗 Car: ~2.9 deaths
per 1 billion km
✈️ Scheduled flight: ~0.05 deaths
per 1 billion km
~58×
that's how much higher the risk per kilometer is in a car compared to a plane

A concrete example: a flight to a beach vacation abroad and back (about 2,600 km / 1,600 miles) works out to a similar calculated risk as a single, roughly 45 km (28 mile) drive – about as far as visiting relatives in the next town, or driving into the nearest big city.

Approximate, rounded figures that vary somewhat by study. Based on international road and aviation safety research.

Important

Should you be scared now?

No, not at all! The comparison earlier only shows what's safer relative to the other. Let's look at how tiny both risks really are for a single trip – then you'll see for yourself that both almost never happen.

Move the slider: how long is the trip?

1 : 6.9M
🚗 how often something bad actually happens, on average
1 : 400M
✈️ how often something bad actually happens, on average

No matter how long the trip, both numbers stay huge. That means: almost every single time, you simply arrive. Cars and planes are both extremely safe. The difference from before only tells you which one is a little safer relative to the other – it's not a reason to fear either one.

Still, what you already know stays important: buckle up, sit properly in the car, look both ways before crossing. That makes the tiny chance of something bad happening even a little tinier.

Worth remembering:
Being scared of something that almost never happens doesn't make your life any safer – it just makes it less fun. So: know the numbers, think it through for a second, then relax and get on board. Car or plane, either way.

You did it!

What you know now

  • ✅ Raw counts can mislead – you need a reference point.
  • ✅ For rare events, yearly numbers swing wildly and say little.
  • ✅ "Per kilometer traveled" is a fair way to compare modes of transport.
  • ✅ Statistics help you judge risk – but they don't replace normal safety habits.